Forest, agricultural land and the legal definition: When does an area fall under the EUDR?

Executive Summary

The EU regulation against deforestation (EUDR) presents companies with new requirements regarding the origin of their raw materials. The aim of the EUDR is to ensure that products such as wood, soy, coffee, cocoa or palm oil that are placed on the EU market have not been produced on land that was deforested or ecologically degraded after the deadline of December 31, 2020. The definition of "forest" plays a central role here: the decisive factors are not use or ownership, but purely structural characteristics such as a minimum size of 0.5 hectares, a tree height of over five meters and at least ten percent canopy cover - regardless of whether the land is natural, commercial or afforested. Agricultural land also comes into focus if it has been converted from forest after the cut-off date. In such cases, the products produced there are considered to be non-deforestation-free and are subject to comprehensive verification obligations. The EUDR covers both imported goods and goods produced within the EU and requires complete traceability of the origin of the land using modern geodata, official documentation and digital monitoring tools. Companies must therefore systematically check their supply chains for risks, document historical use and, if necessary, seek legal or technical support to ensure compliance and avoid sanctions.

The EUDR and the term "forest" - What is meant?

The legal definition of "forest", as set out in the EUDR, is crucial for determining the absence of deforestation. The term remains inconsistent at European level and requires precise interpretation and knowledge of the practical pitfalls.

EUDR definition of forest - no uniform EU definition of forest

The EUDR does not have its own binding definition of a forest, but essentially refers to the internationally used definition of the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). According to this definition, an area is a forest if it is at least 0.5 hectares in size and the trees on it are taller than five meters when fully grown and have a canopy cover of at least 10 percent. These thresholds are already the subject of intense debate, as they cover numerous types of land that many entrepreneurs would not have previously considered to be "forest". It does not differentiate between commercially used and semi-natural forest, provided the areas are not "temporarily deforested" (for example after a slash-and-burn or timber harvest, but with subsequent reforestation). This means that even a reforested stand that meets the minimum parameters (size, height, canopy closure) falls under the EUDR forest definition.

Which types of forest are affected by the EU regulation?

According to the EUDR forest definition, almost all forest types are relevant - regardless of the form of ownership, intensity of use or the purpose of protection. This includes natural forests, commercial forests, mixed forests, degraded forests and also certain afforested areas. It does not matter whether it is primary forest or secondary forest that has already been managed several times. The only decisive factor is the presence of the structural characteristics: Area size, tree height, crown closure.

By way of example, this applies to forest areas that are used for logging, the production of pulp, furniture wood or wood-based materials - as well as areas that are of natural origin and are not subject to intensive use at all. Even certain agroforestry systems or abandoned agricultural land that has undergone natural succession to become forest can be classified as "forest" within the meaning of the EUDR. There are around 160 million hectares of forest in the EU, which corresponds to a global forest area of 4% and which would have to be classified as forest according to the EUDR. They cover 39% of the EU's surface area, and the six Member States with the largest forest areas (Sweden, Finland, Spain, France, Germany and Poland) account for two thirds of the EU's forest area. This means that the regulation de facto covers all of Europe's core forests and many adjacent forest types - with corresponding implications for companies along the upstream and downstream supply chain.

What does not count as forest?

Areas on which no closed tree layer grows permanently or on which intensive permanent cultivation prevents a natural forest structure are typically not classified as "forest". These non-forest areas include arable land, pasture land, plantations for agricultural crops (except for woody plantations used for forestry), permanent crops such as orchards and vineyards or urban green spaces. However, if, for example, an area is converted to agricultural use after the cut-off date, this is expressly considered "deforestation" within the meaning of the EUDR and is therefore subject to the deforestation-free requirements for land origin. A special case are forestry tree nurseries or Christmas tree plantations, which must be considered in a differentiated manner depending on their structure and permanence. The decisive factor is always the individual case, which requires planning certainty and may necessitate legal advice.

Agricultural land and EUDR - when do they become relevant?

Agricultural land is always the focus of attention in connection with the EUDR if land conversions were carried out or are planned after December 31, 2020. The question of when an agricultural area falls under the EUDR or not is therefore closely linked to the history of use and the origin of the land.

Repurposing is crucial

From a business perspective, the most critical factor in the origin of land is the so-called conversion, i.e. the change in land use from forest to arable land or pasture. If deforestation or degradation has taken place after the cut-off date and the land was subsequently used for agriculture, products produced on it are covered by the EUDR and are only considered deforestation-free if the conversion took place before the cut-off date. Practical examples include Brazilian soy farms whose land was still covered by forest before 2021 and which now produce agricultural commodities for export to Europe after deforestation. The same applies to the cultivation of cocoa in West Africa on areas of former forest. Only products from agricultural land that was already in use before the cut-off date may be placed on the EU market in future without EUDR-relevant evidence.

In its FAQ on EUDR, the European Commission expressly emphasizes that if a forest area is converted to agricultural land after the cut-off date, all products from the land area are subject to EUDR and are therefore not considered deforestation-free. The origin of the land, including the time stamp of use, thus becomes the linchpin of compliance.

EUDR-relevant crops and raw materials

Not every agricultural crop is covered by the EUDR. The regulation currently focuses in particular on raw materials such as palm oil, soya, wood, coffee, cocoa, rubber and cattle, as well as relevant products and goods made from them (such as beef, leather products or goods made from wood). However, the crops mentioned above already account for a large proportion of global causes of deforestation. This means that a company that sources, markets or sells coffee or cocoa from Colombia, soy from Argentina, palm oil from Indonesia or leather from Brazil, for example, must consistently prove that the products originate from areas without deforestation after the deadline. The EUDR therefore explicitly requires the origin of the land to be traced back to the specific area of origin.

No obligation for existing agricultural use before the cut-off date

Agricultural land that was already clearly classified as agricultural land within the meaning of the EUDR before the cut-off date of December 31, 2020 and on which no conversion of forest has taken place since then is considered "deforestation-free". There is no obligation for such areas to be subsequently deforestation-free, provided this can be documented. The practical organization of the verification is usually carried out using a combination of geolocation data such as satellite data, remote sensing and state cadastral data. It is particularly helpful to refer to historical aerial photographs, which can be used to provide good evidence of use even before the cut-off date. Companies should attach importance to the transparency, plausibility and up-to-dateness of the documentation in order to rule out any subsequent complaints.

Do products produced in the EU also have to be deforestation-free?

The scope of the EUDR is explicitly global: it covers all products that are to be offered or exported on the European internal market, regardless of the country in which they were originally produced.

Country of origin does not matter

Neither the country of origin nor the main place of production are decisive for the applicability of the EUDR. Rather, the decisive factor is the place of origin and the question of whether deforestation or forest degradation (e.g. due to large-scale logging, wildfires or other ecological damage) has occurred there after December 31, 2020. This means that products originating from Polish, German, French or Italian (forestry) operations are equally subject to the obligation to provide evidence of their deforestation-free origin. This applies in particular to wood products (logs, sawn timber, furniture), but also to agricultural raw materials such as soy, maize or beef if these were grown or produced on cleared forest areas after the cut-off date.

Examples for clarification

A German sawmill that purchases spruce logs from a forest owner, for example, must prove that the forest in question existed on the cut-off date, fulfilled at least the EUDR structural characteristics and has not been subject to conversion since then. The same duty of care applies to a German chocolate factory that imports cocoa mass from Côte d'Ivoire. Regardless of certificates such as FSC, PEFC or UTZ, the EUDR requires documented origin and data on sustainable use throughout the entire production cycle. Even in the case of intra-Community deliveries (e.g. from Sweden to Germany), companies are obliged to make the EUDR-compliant origin of the raw timber transparent on the basis of specific area references. There is no exception; state protected areas (e.g. in Natura 2000 areas) are also affected by the obligation to provide evidence if logging or product extraction is planned there.

Recommendations for companies

The EUDR regulations and the strict deadlines for implementation require companies to take a systematic, holistic approach. Seamless tracking of the origin of the land and ensuring EUDR deforestation-free certification thus become a strategic success factor in the supply chain.

Supply chain analysis starts with the origin of the land

Companies should systematically record their entire supply chain (own production, suppliers, intermediaries) with regard to the origin of the land. This requires identifying the agricultural and forest areas of all (upstream) suppliers, documenting usage histories and checking them for any conversion events since the reporting date. Anyone involved in the import business must also take local regulations and ownership structures into account and commit their suppliers to applicable standards. In practice, it is advisable to start by setting up a "land origin database" in which all directly and indirectly used land, the origin of the raw materials and the usage history are recorded transparently. Supplementary contracts with suppliers can help to ensure the issuing of corresponding certificates and EUDR compliance.

Use of digital tools for area verification

Digital tools for verifying the origin of land are becoming increasingly important, especially in globally diversified supply chains. Platforms such as Global Forest Watch work with state-of-the-art remote sensing data - including high-resolution satellite images, drone flights and GIS-based monitoring tools. They make it possible to monitor areas dynamically, on a daily basis and with high precision, thereby efficiently fulfilling the EUDR's verification obligations. In the EUDR module of the lawcode Suite, you also have the option of documenting the cultivation area of your raw materials with the help of geodata. Companies are also increasingly relying on blockchain-based tracking solutions, which can be used to automatically document value creation stages and delivery routes. The European Union will also provide a central database and reporting tool in which all proof of land origin and EUDR deforestation-free status must be uploaded. Digital integration reduces the effort involved, reduces sources of error and enables fast, audit-proof checks.

What to do in case of uncertainty?

Particularly in the border area between forest and agricultural land, in the case of changes of use or historically uncertain documented areas, experts advise an individual legal examination and coordination with specialized consultants. Uncertainties can be dispelled through proactive communication with the authorities, by applying for official confirmation of land use or by consulting independent experts. Companies should document every questionable case in concrete terms (e.g. by comparing aerial photographs, satellite references, official register extracts, expert opinions) and make binding agreements with their suppliers today to clarify the origin of the land. Where no conclusive historical data is available, the most relevant evidence should be combined, processed without contradiction and actively disclosed.

Conclusion and outlook

The legal framework of the EUDR is ambitious and forces companies to rethink their raw material procurement and process design. The definition of forest according to the EUDR standard is deliberately broad and requires far-reaching due diligence declarations regarding the origin of land and freedom from deforestation. In light of the EUDR, companies must accept that not only traditional, semi-natural forests, but also many managed or reforested areas are considered "forest". Even minor conversions or clearing after the deadline will result in the entire harvest and production from these areas being subject to documentation requirements and export bans. The legal boundaries are stricter and more comprehensive than many market participants initially assume.

Now is the time to review existing supply chains and land portfolios, introduce clear responsibilities for land data collection and make strategic use of digital monitoring tools. It is important to act quickly, as the EUDR implementation deadlines are approaching and the development of verification systems and the documentation of forest definition, land origin and freedom from deforestation require time and resources. Companies that miss deadlines run considerable risks - from fines to exclusion from the EU internal market. Specifically, it is recommended to proactively address open land origin issues, adapt supplier partnerships to new due diligence obligations, carry out risk assessments and keep up to date with changes to the EUDR regulations.