EUDR - Reading time: 9 Min
The EU regulation against deforestation (EUDR) presents companies with new challenges - especially when raw materials are not traded directly as end products but are processed into intermediate products beforehand. Whether cocoa mass, flour, chipboard or vegetable oil: the EUDR also requires complete traceability back to the origin of the raw materials used at these stages of the value chain. But what exactly does this mean in practice? Which processing steps must be documented? And when does a new due diligence obligation begin? This article provides a comprehensive overview of how companies can deal with intermediate products and bulk batches in accordance with the EUDR - practical, risk-oriented and with concrete recommendations for more legal certainty and efficiency.
Intermediate products are processed raw materials such as flour, cocoa mass or wooden boards that are produced before the end product and must remain traceable.
A new due diligence obligation always arises when a product is supplied to another company as part of a commercial activity and is therefore made available on the market. If the product has already been placed on the market in the EU, no new due diligence obligations arise - provided nothing has been changed to the product.
Each partial quantity of a collection batch must be clearly documented in terms of origin, parcel ID and quantity.
Detailed documentation of internal processing steps is only necessary in the event of mixing or increased risk.
Through digital systems, clear processes and risk-based documentation that make the origin and quantities traceable at all times.
The EU regulation against deforestation (EUDR) sets clear requirements for the traceability of raw materials - even if they are processed into intermediate products. Companies must be able to prove exactly where the raw materials used come from for each relevant product, right down to the geographical area of origin. The evidence must cover the supply chain up to the area of origin. Formal DDS submission is generally carried out by the initial supplier, downstream actors hold references/records and ensure the quantity-related allocation.
Collective batches and mixing processes in which raw materials from different sources are brought together require particular attention. Here, the composition, quantity ratios and origin of each partial quantity must be fully documented. A separate DDS is often not required downstream if a valid DDS reference is available for the original batches used. Downstream companies must then above all keep references and records consistent and refine them in the event of anomalies. Internal processing steps, on the other hand, do not trigger a new reporting obligation as long as traceability is maintained.
In practice, companies can use digital systems, barcoded storage units and automated logs to significantly simplify their documentation and at the same time reliably meet the requirements of the EUDR. A risk-based approach is permissible: The higher the risk - e.g. due to the EU Country Classification (low/standard/high risk) or due to mixing/data gaps - the deeper the documentation and checks must be. It is crucial that the origin, processing and quantities are traceable at all times. This means that even complex supply chains can be efficiently mapped in compliance with EUDR.
The EUDR (EU regulation against deforestation) requires companies to be able to prove exactly where the raw materials in certain products come from - this is what is meant by "full traceability". For every product covered by the regulation (for example cocoa, coffee, soy, palm oil, beef or wood), it must be clear from which farm, plantation or forest the raw materials originally came from. Traceability must be documented precisely, down to the geographical area, i.e. the place on the map where the raw materials were grown or harvested. 'Complete' means that each relevant batch can prove its origin back to the production parcel(s) - including the geolocation (point or polygon) of each area from which the raw materials originate. If a batch consists of several areas of origin, all areas must be indicated separately.
This traceability must apply throughout the entire supply chain: from cultivation to harvesting, transportation, processing and trade, whether inside or outside the EU. It is therefore not enough just to know who you bought the product from. You have to be able to trace it all the way back to the source.
A DDS is generally issued by the companies that supply or export a relevant product to the EU market for the first time. Downstream actors must accept, document and pass on the DDS reference numbers and remain jointly responsible for the conformity of the products they trade.
All intermediate steps must be documented so transparently that they can be traced down to area or parcel level. For intermediate products and collective batches in particular, this means that their composition and further processing can also be clearly documented.
Processing raw materials into intermediate products is commonplace in many industries. For example, cocoa beans are processed into cocoa mass or butter, palm oil is split into fractions or wood assortments are transformed into semi-finished products (such as wooden boards, veneers or chipboard) before they are incorporated into the end product. From a legal perspective, intermediate products are an integral part of the supply chain. Legislation therefore also requires consistent proof of origin and processing for them. However, processing stages that influence the end product (such as mixing, refining, portioning) increase the requirements for a clear batch and quantity balance, particularly in the case of mixtures/collective batches. However, they do not trigger a new EUDR notification as long as the resulting relevant product is not made available on the Union market (placed on the market) or exported. A DDS is generally submitted by the initial supplier; downstream actors generally do not have to submit a new DDS, but must adopt and document the reference/documents of the upstream declaration.
The question of what needs to be documented in detail for intermediate products or processed raw materials is best answered by looking at the objectives of the EUDR. The focus here is on an unbroken chain of relevant information:
For each intermediate product, it should therefore be documented exactly from which original batches it was produced. Clear batch identification, delivery documents and production records that reflect the number and type of raw materials used are generally sufficient. If several original batches are mixed, the exact (quantity-related) composition must be traceable. The challenge increases the more often collective batches or intermediate products from different sources of origin are formed, for example when processing large quantities of soy, cocoa nibs for chocolate production or sawmills that bundle logs from different parcels.
Particularly important and always required are details on the entry of contacts into the supply chain and the transfer of relevant information (parcel ID, proof of origin, freedom from deforestation). Companies that carry out further processing must document all plausible processing steps that are necessary for the consistency of the proof of origin and thus for EUDR-compliant traceability. Pure transportation or storage movements do not trigger an additional EUDR notification (DDS). However, they must be documented if they are required for the batch and quantity balance, particularly in the case of splits, stock transfers or if stocks from several batches of origin are managed in parallel.
In practice, a risk-based approach to documentation is recommended. Not every internal movement needs to be logged, as long as the origin and quantity relationship of primary materials remain secure and traceable. It is important to note that if a product has a known risk, for example because it originates from an area with a high risk of deforestation (high-risk country) or because the origin is difficult to trace (e.g. due to frequent mixing of different sources of origin), then particular care must be taken. In these cases, companies should deepen their documentation and - depending on their role (initial supplier vs. downstream actor) - either tighten up their own risk analysis or at least ensure additional plausibility/red flag checks and a stricter batch and quantity balance.
For example, a soy company that processes soy from different countries of origin into soybean oil can use clear labeling and digital tracking of input batches to ensure that all downstream production is correctly allocated. This can reduce risks during audits. At the same time, weak points in traceability can be better traced and the legal requirements of the EUDR for collective batches and intermediate products can be fulfilled in a compliant manner.
Especially when bundling large quantities of goods, whether soy, palm oil, coffee or wood, raw materials from different plantations or countries are brought together to form a so-called collective batch. These collective batches pose a particular challenge from the perspective of the EUDR, as precise traceability back to the origin must be guaranteed for each partial quantity. In practice, this often conflicts with the legal text: Technically, the origins represented in a collective batch can extend over dozens, sometimes even hundreds of individual producers. Mixing is permitted as long as all partial quantities are fully georeferenced and compliant. A mass balance chain that 'offsets' compliant with unknown/non-compliant goods is not sufficient according to the EUDR.
Nevertheless, the EUDR requires that the consolidated batch can be assigned to the underlying batches of origin (including geolocalization) in terms of quantity. Companies are therefore faced with the task of documenting incoming goods and relevant stock movements in such a way that the DDS reference(s), original batches and quantity balance remain consistent (without each movement triggering a new DDS).
Digital warehouse management systems, detailed delivery bills and production records play a key role here. If further processing takes place later, such as grinding, extraction or portioning, the composition of the original data must be fundamentally retained. As soon as a proportion is not compliant or cannot be clearly assigned, the entire collective batch becomes risky or potentially non-compliant - which is why separation and clear quantity logic are crucial.
The EUDR permits additions and mixtures as long as traceability is guaranteed for each partial quantity of the collective batch. It is therefore still permitted to form collective batches and process them further if a transparent system ensures that the origin and quantity ratio are maintained and - depending on the role - either the due diligence assessment of the initial supplier is traceable or downstream actors document red flag checks and a consistent quantity balance. This is common in the cocoa sector, for example, where individual export batches originate from several farmer cooperatives, but each partial batch can be documented back to the community of origin.
In storage practice, the following applies: Mixed batches are EUDR-compliant if their origin can be precisely documented and the risk assessment explicitly addresses the mixing. Commingling is permitted as long as each part of the consolidated batch can be documented with geolocation and mass balance. A mass balance logic that 'covers up' untraceable quantities is not sufficient.
This requires posting withdrawals and processing steps in such a way that the quantity-related composition remains traceable at all times (especially in the case of splits, consolidations and new mixtures). Companies can fulfill this requirement by keeping an accompanying overview for each collective batch, which bundles all relevant origin, quantity and storage information. This should also be the case for longer storage periods and frequent transfers, as long as there is no subsequent mixing with new, untraceable quantities.
Practical experience from the timber industry shows: When companies use barcoded storage units, digital booking systems and automatic production logs, traceability becomes much simpler and more transparent. The manual effort required for verification is significantly reduced. At the same time, even complex collective batches can be documented reliably and in compliance with EUDR.
One of the most common uncertainties regarding EUDR traceability is when a separate EUDR notification is required for an intermediate product or a new processing step.
The core of the regulation is: If a product is made available through a change or is taken over by another market participant, a new due diligence declaration is required. It is important to note whether the product was manufactured exclusively from products that have already been subject to due diligence. If this is the case, it is possible to refer to previous DDSs. However, this does not exempt from the responsibility for the conformity of the products.
Example: A company imports cocoa beans from outside the EU and processes them into cocoa liquor. Even if the cocoa mass remains in the possession of the same company within the EU, it is only used for its own needs and is not passed on to third parties, a DDS must be created.
As the first distributor on the Union market, the company must comply with the full due diligence obligation and submit a due diligence declaration with the geolocation data of the cocoa beans (HS 1801) in the information system.
For example, if the cocoa mass (HS 1803) is sold to a chocolate factory, the factory converts a relevant product into other relevant products and is therefore considered a downstream non-SME market participant for chocolate (HS 1806).
The chocolate factory as downstream operator must adopt, check the plausibility of and document the reference numbers of the original DDS, but does not necessarily have to submit a new DDS (provided that all inputs are already covered by a DDS/simplified declaration). Since the chocolate was produced using the cocoa beans already subject to due diligence (HS 1801), the factory can refer to the due diligence declaration submitted by the cocoa bean buyer, stating the corresponding reference number. However, it must first ensure that the upstream due diligence obligation has been fulfilled in accordance with the EUDR. The processor remains responsible for the conformity of the products concerned.
An intermediate product becomes a new EUDR case if it is not fully covered by an existing DDS/simplified declaration (e.g. new, non-covered inputs, mixing with unknown origin, missing references) - then the actor becomes 'first placer' again and must do full due diligence + DDS.
Transforming processing steps (e.g. grinding, refining, extracting, fractionating) without transfer of ownership do not in themselves trigger a new EUDR notification, but the provision to new legal entities does. In this case, the downstream obligation begins for the receiving company to ensure full EUDR traceability based on the origin data and quantities provided.
Suppose a Brazilian farmer delivers soybeans to a regional collection warehouse. Beans from 30 other farms are collected there and cleaned together. The exporter forms a collective batch from this, which is sent to the EU and documented via an EUDR declaration. An EU importer sells part of the collective batch to an oil mill that presses soybean oil. As long as the oil mill stores and processes the oil, it can rely on the documentation of the original collection batch.
If it passes the oil on to a food manufacturer, the manufacturer (depending on its role as first downstream/downstream operator) must adopt the DDS reference of the upstream declaration and document its quantity/batch allocation in such a way that traceability is maintained. As a rule, a separate DDS is only required if he himself acts as the first supplier or if the upstream cover/references are missing. Whether margarine is EUDR-relevant here depends on the specific CN/HS code and whether it is listed in Annex I. If the code is not listed, the product is not EUDR-relevant (even if it contains soy/palm oil).
To ensure that the supply chain remains EUDR-compliant, at least the following information must be traceable along the chain (depending on the role):
At no point may the transparency of the origin of the respective partial quantity be lost, otherwise the end product loses its EUDR conformity. A non-compliant part of a product must be identified and separated from the rest before it is placed on the EU market or exported. This part may not be placed on the EU market or exported. If identification and separation is not possible because the products have been mixed with the rest, the entire product is non-compliant. It may not be placed on the EU market or exported.
The most important success factor for trouble-free documentation along complex supply chains lies in structured, clearly defined processes. Companies should record all relevant processing steps, transfers of ownership and quantities as well as mixtures in a standardized system, for example using ERP systems with integrated traceability modules or software solutions such as the lawcode Suite. In larger organizations, a clear assignment of roles and responsibilities is recommended to ensure that all internal and external transfers are mapped in compliance with the EUDR.
The standardized recording and transfer of parcel IDs, proof of origin and processed quantities is also essential in order to ensure complete EUDR traceability within the shortest possible time, even in the event of inspections or audits. Companies that have so far mainly used paper-based documentation should consider switching to digital processes in order to improve efficiency, accuracy and legal certainty in the long term.
An often underestimated risk factor in EUDR documentation practice is interface management. Whenever material flows cross internal departmental, plant or site boundaries or change between different supply chain actors, the risk of information loss, transmission errors or ambiguities with regard to source data increases. Companies should ensure that all relevant interfaces are secured through consistent data transfers, clearly defined handover processes and regular control mechanisms.
Collaboration with external partners, for example in contract processing, warehousing or external transport, must also be designed in such a way that all relevant EUDR obligations are fulfilled seamlessly. It is advisable to contractually define which information obligations apply, e.g. with regard to the transmission of digital source data in the agreed format. The use of industry standards to ensure seamless traceability in practice should also be agreed in advance.
The EUDR does not require a complete individual record of all internal steps; instead, a risk-based documentation approach can be chosen. This means that companies can rely on simplified documentation methods where the origin of the material remains clear and traceable without risk factors. Only when risk factors are added, such as repeated blending, additions from non-certified sources or processing from areas with an increased risk of deforestation, must the documentation be supplemented with additional evidence, protocols and risk assessments. Depending on the role (primary supplier vs. downstream actor), 'risk-based' means either an in-depth risk analysis (primary supplier) or stricter plausibility/red flag checks plus a reliable batch and quantity balance (downstream).
Practical experience, particularly from the cocoa and palm oil sectors, shows that risk-based documentation is not only legal but also audit-proof, provided that internal company instructions, digital protocols and traceable risk assessments are used systematically. As a result, companies benefit from greater efficiency without breaching the EUDR collective batch and intermediate product regulations.
Even though the EUDR places high demands on traceability and documentation, this does not mean that every internal intermediate step or every receipt must be archived down to the smallest detail. Rather, it is crucial that information on the origin, composition of intermediate products and quantity ratios can be retrieved clearly, completely and verifiably at any time. Companies should align their documentation practices so that they remain legally compliant and efficient at the same time - with lean standards where the supply chain is stable and transparent, and with greater depth where complexity or risks increase.
Collective batches and intermediate products are not an obstacle in principle, as long as the quantity-related allocation to the original batches is maintained and mixing does not lead to a loss of information. Modern traceability systems, clear interface processes and clearly defined responsibilities help to ensure transparency even across several processing steps - and to quickly provide reliable evidence in the event of an audit.
The more simplified role logic since the end of 2025 is also important: the formal submission of the due diligence declaration is generally the responsibility of the first supplier, while downstream companies must above all keep the references and accompanying documents consistent and document their quantity and origin chains in an audit-proof manner - especially if there are indications of increased risks or the EU country classification (low/standard/high risk) suggests an in-depth examination. The postponed application dates (from 30.12.2026 or 30.06.2027 for micro and small companies) provide additional time to standardize processes, digitize data flows and set up your own supply chain in such a way that EUDR compliance is not only achievable, but also manageable in the long term.
In practice, an "intermediate product" is understood to be all processing stages between the raw material and the end product. However, only those intermediate or end products that are listed as "relevant products" in Annex I (e.g. cocoa mass/butter for cocoa, soybean oil/bean meal for soy, sawn timber/panels for wood - depending on the CN/HS code) are relevant to the EUDR. Products outside Annex I are not covered by the EUDR, even if they were produced from an EUDR raw material.
Not every action needs to be logged individually. It is crucial that your internal documentation reliably maintains the batch and quantity logic as well as the assignment to the areas of origin (geolocalization/plot of land). A new EUDR notification/DDS is not triggered by "processing", but typically only when a relevant product is made available on the Union market (placed on the market) or exported - by the actor acting as the first supplier.
Collective batches are permitted, but you need a quantity-based allocation of the collective batch to all original batches used. In practice, this means
Companies should rely on process-oriented, digital systems that structure input, processing and output data and link them in a traceable manner. Employees should also be trained and clear responsibilities established. In this way, all EUDR traceability requirements can be reliably met, even for complex collective batches and intermediate products.
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